Leadership The Trait theories Essay Example

Leadership The Trait theories Paper Leadership is a process through which a person tries to get organizational members to do something the person desires. The leaders influence extends beyond supervisory responsibility and formal authority. Leadership theories have long sought to identify what are the characteristics that make an effective leader. In this paper, three main bodies of research and knowledge are Trait, Behaviour and Contingency approaches. The Trait theories Trait theories: leaders possess certain personal quality that leaders had to greater degree than non-leaders. Which attempted to identify the personality traits of the effective leader to facilitate the selection leader. The trait approach is based on the some assumptions: that individual is more important than situation; and leadership is inborn. Many early researchers believed that leaders such as Lincoln and Hitler had some unique set of qualities that distinguished them their followers. The trait approach seeks to identify enduring personal characteristics and traits that distinguish leaders from followers. For example: Intelligence helps a lead solve complex problems. Assertiveness helps a leader frankly express demands and attitudes and enable him to perform many tasks and achieve goals. Initiative when high, help a leader deal with many demands he faces on a day-to-day basis. Resilience, that a highly flexible in adjusting their behaviour in different situations Empathy ensures a leader putting them in the followers shoes. Drive fuels a leader to be the best of the field he chooses to pursue. Many finding illustrated that individuals who possess certain traits are more likely to become effective leaders than those who do not, . but none of traits guarantee success. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership The Trait theories specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership The Trait theories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership The Trait theories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer , Many individuals who possess the identified traits never become leaders. Why the trait approach is not guarantee some one become effective leader? There are four reasons: it overlooks the needs of followers, it generally fails to clarity the relative importance of various traits, it doesnt separate cause from effect, and more important, it ignore the situation factors. .For instance, observations may lead one to believe that effective leaders are more likely to be assertive and outgoing, while there are outstanding leaders such as Lincoln who were relatively shy and withdrawn. Obviously, the trait approach alone cannot fully explain why or how leadership occurs. It suggests that the need to move to the other factors that contribute to leadership effectiveness. The Behaviour theories Rather than looking at the innate traits of leaders, behaviour approach argues that successful leaders can be train and teach, attention switched from selecting leaders on personality trait to training and developing leaders in appropriate behavior patterns. This research tradition argues that considerate, participative, and democratic and involving leadership behaviour is more effective than impersonal, autocratic and directive. Weaknesses of Trait and Behaviour Approaches Both trait and behaviour approach essentially ignores the situation in which leadership takes place. The trait approach takes into account leaders personal aspects but ignores the situations in which they try to lead. Certain leadership traits may lead to effective leadership in certain situations and to ineffective leadership in other situations. Dominance, for example, may make a production manager a good leader. But the same trait in the head consultant may actually detract from the leaders effectiveness because the subordinates tend to be independent thinkers who work best when they are left alone. Similarly, the behaviour approach seeks to identify the behaviours responsible for effective leadership without considering how the situation affects behaviour. However, the situation also impacts on a leaders behaviours. The performance of participants can be enhanced when the project manager engages in initiating structure by scheduling the project. In contrast, the performance of a group of assembly-line workers who know exactly how to do their jobs may be unaffected by their leaders initiating structure In fact, it became increasingly clear that the predicting of leadership success was more complex. The contingency theories suggested that leadership effectiveness was dependent on the situation and another to be able to isolate those situational conditions. that under condition a, style X would be appropriate whereas style Y would be more suitable for condition. Many developed leadership approaches in this theories such as Fiedlers models, Hersey and Blanchards situational theory and leader-member exchange theory etc. Fiedlers contingency theory acknowledges that personal characteristics influence whether leaders are effective. i. e. effective leadership requires the right behaviour, skills and attitudes. He assumed two kinds of leaders: task-oriented and relationship-oriented. Leaders who are tasked-related want their subordinates to perform at a high level and accomplish all of their assigned tasks. Their first priority is task accomplishment, and they push subordinates to make sure that the job gets done. Being concerned for the satisfactions and feelings of subordinates is their second priority. Although relationship-related leaders want their subordinates to perform at a high level, their first priority is developing good relationships with their followers. Their second priority is making sure that the job gets done. He argued that effectiveness is influenced by three sets of situational factors: 1. the extent to which the task in hand is structured. The nature of the relationships between the leader and followers; 3. the leaders position power. Fiedler identified three typical sets of conditions, then matching leaders into situations to achieve maximum leadership effectiveness. This theory has two strengths it demonstrates the importance of contextual factors in determining leader behaviour and effectiveness. ; it provides a systematic framework for developing the self-awareness of managers. : Fiedlers contingency theory is positive but weak: 1. the key variables, task structure, power and relationships, are difficult to assess. The leader who wants to rely on this framework to determine the most effective style for a given situation has to rely more on intuition than systematic analysis. 2. the concept of the least preferred co-worker is an unusual one, and it is not clear just what this measures. 3. the framework does not take into account the needs of subordinates. 4. the need for a leader to have relevant technical competence is ignored. Most contingency theories argue that leaders should change their style to fit the context, however, Fiedler argued leaders by choosing conditions in which their preferred style was most likely effective. As Hersey and Blanchards situational theory, which argues that effectiveness are reflected leaders adapt style to meet the demands of the situation in which they operate. Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style. The model established four basic leadership styles: 1. telling ( high task-high relationship), the leader tells subordinates what , how, when, and where to do various tasks. It emphasizes directive behavior. 2. selling (high task-high relationship). The leader provides both directive behaviour and supportive behaviour. 3. participating (low task-high relationship). The leader and follower share in decision making , with the main role of the leader being facilitating and communicating. 4. delegating (low task-low relationship). The leader providers little direction or support. This theory emphasis on the need for flexibility in leadership behaviour, and in highlighting the importance of contextual factors. However, this theory has limitation that lask of evidence to support the model in practice. Daniel Goleman reported there are six leadership styles, each style relies on an aspect of emotional intelligence which concerns skill in managing your own emotions and in handing the emotions of others.

Jean Paul Gaultier Le Male advertisement Essays

Jean Paul Gaultier Le Male advertisement Essays Jean Paul Gaultier Le Male advertisement Paper Jean Paul Gaultier Le Male advertisement Paper I found this image in the very popular Mens Health magazine and it is an advertisement for a perfume Le Male by Jean Paul Gaultier. The image has many connotations to the society we live in and is distinctly distinguishable from similar advertisements from the past. The man in the image we can see has a lean hardened body unlike the 80s macho man image of the likes of Arnold Shwarznegger and Sylvester Stallone which were just brute muscle mass. The man still has some machoness about him mainly stemming from the stare that he is giving the camera. The unimpressed stare which oozes confidence and stature masculinity is however directly opposed by some of the feminine or homosexual connotations that the image signifies. Another sign showing the machoness of the man is the crossed hands signifieng the man is closed off and protecting himself. The kink in the mans neck is a perfect example of the femmeninity that opposes the hardened (erect) body and portrays a more flaccid standing signifieng the homosexual idea that gay men always have flaccid wrists. The sailor cap worn by the man is directly signifying the mans possible homosexuality. Where as in the past a sailor was regarded as a tough manly soldier who was nobly defending ones country these days due to the Village People and the constant news reports of weird initiation ceremonys with sexual connotations on battleships and the fact that the sailors would be out in sea with no contact with females for some time with undeniable sexual urges and frustrations points to the fact that the man might be gay. This is also backed up by the effeminate tattoos which cover the mans upper bosy. Tattoos such as doves, flowers, butterflys are generally seen as images that would drape the body of a woman and not a tough sailor which generally we would excpect tattoos of anchors etc.. ala Popeye. The flower tattoos around the mans nipple are also indictive of this as the nipple is an erotic zone linked to women and not straight men. The (possibly) waxed chest of the man and such thing as his manicured fingernails, plucked eyebrows connoite societys shift from the mach men of yester year to the metrosexual phenomenon of the late 90s and early Y2K. The advent of the metrosexual which is a man who takes pride in his appearance so much so that designer clothes are a msut have, shopping is no longer a choir, skin and hair products are no longer just reserved for women , has been very evident. Thanks to the likes of David Beckham whos hairstyles whilst at first were probably laughed at but now are being imitated by most urban men, Ian Thorpe who has gone so far as to start his own fashion label, a fashion label started by a swimmer? Couldnt have guessed that 10 years ago. Television shows such as Queer Eye for the Straight guy who portray straight men as slobs who take no pride in their appearance and have no idea about what is fashionable and must be shown the light by gay men also helps us understand the reasons why homosexual connotations have been used to help sell this perfume, because after all of a gay man tells us that its fashionable then it must be, right? Finally we can see that the name of the perfume is Le Male indicating that it is the essence of man. That man being the metrosexual, homosexual man of todays society which is the fashionable thing to be .

Using “Styles” to Add Headings in Microsoft Word - Proofread My Paper

Using â€Å"Styles† to Add Headings in Microsoft Word - Proofread My Paper Using â€Å"Styles† to Add Headings in Microsoft Word Whether you’re working on a college paper or a business report, presentation is crucial. Adding headings to a document, for example, will make it easier to read and increase its visual impact. Luckily, adding headings to a document in Microsoft Word is simple when you use the â€Å"Styles† function. What are â€Å"Styles†? â€Å"Styles† in Microsoft Word are options that you can use to ensure your document is consistently formatted. They can be accessed via the â€Å"Home† tab in Word 2007 or later. The Styles menu. If you want to modify the styles available here, you can click on the little arrow in the bottom right of the â€Å"Styles† window to open a new menu with additional options. You can customize â€Å"Styles† by right-clicking an existing style and selecting â€Å"Modify.† Alternatively, you can create your own â€Å"Styles† by clicking â€Å"New Style† in the menu. Creating a new style. Adding Headings Among the available â€Å"Styles,† you’ll see that some are labelled â€Å"Heading†: e.g., â€Å"Heading 1,† â€Å"Heading 2,† â€Å"Heading 3,† etc. These can be applied by: Selecting the text that you want to use as a heading Going to the â€Å"Styles† section in the â€Å"Home† tab Clicking the appropriate â€Å"Heading† style in the â€Å"Styles† menu If the â€Å"Heading† you want to use isn’t visible in this menu, you should: Click the arrow in the bottom right to open the sidebar â€Å"Styles† menu If the required â€Å"Heading† isn’t showing up, click on â€Å"Options†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the window that opens, select â€Å"All Styles† under â€Å"Select Styles to Show† and click â€Å"OK† Style options. Once the correct â€Å"Heading† is showing, apply it as described above You can modify these â€Å"Styles† to suit your requirements if the default options don’t appeal. It’s a good idea to use slightly different font sizes or styles for different levels of heading so that your reader can tell, for instance, main headings from subheadings. Adding Numbered Headings Microsoft Word also offers the option of adding numbered headings Numbered headings. This involves using the â€Å"Multilevel List† function to automatically apply consistent numbering to headings and subheadings in your document, saving you from having to manually adjust numbering if you add or remove headings during the editing process. To do this: Apply different â€Å"Heading† styles to the headings and subheadings in your document Click on â€Å"Multilevel List† in the â€Å"Paragraph† section of the â€Å"Home† tab Select a list style that includes â€Å"Headings† The Multilevel List menu. This will apply different numbering styles to the various heading levels in your document. You can create new numbering styles using the â€Å"Define New Multilevel List† option in this menu. Defining a new list style.

Grupo ABC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Grupo ABC - Essay Example (Pederson, 2007) Nizan also created ties with influential leaders who encouraged on innovation and solutions to worlds pressing challenges ABC involvement in social causes is sustainable and has great benefits to companies. ABC involvement in projects like using creative media that is equipped with talented and creative personnel will help provide a large platform for the company. (Pederson, 2007) ABC engagement in social causes has various impacts on the society. This helped in important issues in the society. It has helped give raise to a better society through mobilization of quality education, change the way people live, and change their relationship. (Berger, 2001)Good education has helped reduce inequality, eradicate social injustices and provide opportunities. ABC considers certain skills in an investor. Investors should be creative and ambitious .they should also be talented in production of quality video and sounds. Selling of shares by ABC to the public through an IPO should be considered since it will propel the company’s financial capabilities to grow at a faster rate. It will also help Nizan senior collaborators to become partners in the parent company. (Pederson,

Criminal Law Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Law Degree - Case Study Example Martin6 which concerned the defence of necessity to driving while disqualified and the defendant was allowed to use the defence in his appeal (c) This was intentional homicide amounting to murder and necessity is not a defence to murder. See Queen v Dudley and Stephens7However see also the decision taken in the case of Re A (Children) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation)8 where the parents of six week old Siamese twins, Mary and Jody,(M and J) appealed against a court order granting the NHS the authority to perform an optional surgical separation .9 where murder/intentional killing of the Siamese twin was justified to save one life. (e) This is a case of Duress which is a general defence to a many crimes but not to Murder. However it can be argued that he did not know the reason he was being asked to park the van outside the Mission. The question will be forseeability then i.e. whether he saw through or could reasonable have seen through their designs in parking the van outside. The relevant authorities here are Kray 11,Lynch v DPP for NI 12 and Howe13. This is a case of assault/battery and the thin Skull rule under the famous case of R v. Blaue. Fred cannot plead he did not know about Amrit's pre-existing condition and thus will be guilty of manslaughter NOT murder as it is not possible to show intentional killing here. This was something in the nature of unlawful act manslaughter.(See Andrews v DPP (1973) AC 576 at 581 and Fenton (1830) 1 Lew CC 179). The theft of 5000 pounds from Amrit's pockets is an offence under the Theft Act 1968 as he is well aware that the money is the stolen proceeds of illicit drug dealing. When Fred persuades an elderly to write a the facts are insufficient to judge whether there has actually been some sort of deception here but see below for a case under the Fraud Act 2006. Fred has remained silent about obtaining more than his due salary.In this regard see offences under the Theft Act 1968 and 1978 like Obtaining property by deception (Theft Act 1968, section 15), or in the case of the extra salary obtaining a money transfer by deception (Theft Act 1968, section 15A) or obtaining pecuniary advantage by deception (Theft Act 1968, section 16) which are now covered by the Fraud Act 2006 and would primarily fit under the Fraud Act 2006. Possible liability for Fred in both scenarios under the Fraud Act 2006. Section 2 Fraud by false representation" is as a case where a person makes "any representation as to fact or law ... express or implied" which they know to be untrue or misleading. Fraud by failing to disclose information" under Section 3 of the Act in the case of the extra salary. "Fraud by abuse of position" under Section 4 of the Act in case of the abuse of the elderly man's money in his position of his caretaker. Week

A Career as a Plastic Surgeon Essays -- Career Essays

There are many different surgeons in the world, but being a Plastic Surgeon can be a life changing career. It offers you a vast knowledge of beauty and medical field. Plastic Surgeons are medical doctors that deal with defects on people’s body. Many people are proud that Plastic Surgeons exist, because it makes them look better and gives them a lot of confidence. Being a Plastic Surgeon can be a challenging profession because it can help change people’s lives, it can offer a wealthy future, and it also involves a lot of creativity and technology. Generally, people love having a nice appearance around each other. Plastic surgeons have many ways and options to offer to the people to reach their intentions. For example, cosmetic surgery can offer tummy tucks for those who want to look slim and be part of the fashion world. â€Å"Tummy tuck surgery helps to significantly reduce the appearance of loose skin, stretch marks, and a protruding abdomen† (McClain.) Another option that plastic surgery offers to people who want to make changes on their face is face lifting. Face lifting is a procedure that is used to lift the peoples’ wrinkled face.†Barbara Eden, now seventy eight is virtually unrecognizable as the youthful beauty who charmed viewers on the popular sixty’s show, and her apparent face-lift was likely what caused the most drastic transformation† (Barbara Edens Transformation.) Thigh lifting is another procedure that is used wisely by the models. Many people tend to use this technique becaus e it changes their formation of their body. After having the procedure done they feel as more comfortable in the society. One of the best reasons for being a Plastic Surgeon is because it offers you a wealthy future. â€Å"Plastic Surgeons wo... ...https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2335084/Beauty-CAN-change-life-says-plasticsurgeon.html> â€Å"Laser-assisted liposuction.† plasticsurgery. n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. McClain, Louvonia. â€Å"Celebrity plastic surgery: Tummy tucks.† 9 Mar. 2013.Web. 17 Mar. 2014. Morris, Charles R. The Surgeons. New York: HarperCollins. 2007. Print. â€Å"Plastic Surgeon salary.† healthcare. n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014 â€Å"Surgeon Quotes.† todayinsci. n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. â€Å"Working Conditions.† careercruising. n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014

Sugar Gradient Lab Report

Sugar Gradient Lab Procedure: 1. Get out 5 separate cups or beakers and fill them ? full with water in each. 2. Number each of the cups 1 through 5. And color accordingly with food dye: †¢Cup 1- 2 drops of yellow †¢Cup 2- 2 drops of red †¢Cup 3- 2 drops of green †¢Cup 4- 2 drops of yellow and 1 drop of red †¢Cup 5- 2 drops of blue 3. Add: †¢1 scoop of sugar in Cup 1 †¢2 scoops of sugar in Cup 2 †¢3 scoops of sugar in Cup 3 †¢4 scoops of sugar in Cup 4 †¢8 scoops of sugar in Cup 5 4.Mix each cup until the sugar is dissolved completely and the food dye in mixed in well. 5. Take a pipette and fill it with the substance in Cup 5. 6. Drop 10-20 drops down the side of the inside of a test tube (you may need to refill the pipette to accomplish this). 7. Rinse the pipette out in the sink. Flush the pipette out several times. 8. Take a pipette and fill it with the substance in Cup 4. 9. Drop 10-20 drops slowly down the side of the inside of th e same test tube. 0. Rinse the pipette out in the sink. Flush the pipette out several times. 11. Repeat steps 8-10 with Cups (IN THIS ORDER): 3,2, and 1. 12. Wait about 2 minutes for the water to settle. Discussion: The property used in the Sugar Gradient to create the solutions that did not mix and created layers was density. Aqueous solutions of sugar, water, and food coloring were used which means that the sugar and food coloring were mixed in the water and looked like part of the water.This is also a â€Å"homogeneous mixture† because it appeared the same throughout (both on the visual level and particle level). The reason the sugar particles could not be seen in the mixture was because the sugar broke down and got smaller. Also the reason the food coloring looked lighter after the sugar was mixed in was because the particle spread apart more. Overall, the lab was based on the density of the aqueous solution which depended on the amount of sugar dissolved in the water.